Free Essays on Wireless Technology

Wireless networks use radio frequencies as an alternative to standard land-based Ethernet cabling. In a wireless network, also referred to as a â€Å"WLAN†, wireless access points are set up to act as transmitters to send data to wireless network cards installed on users’ PCs, appliances, or mobile devices anywhere on the network. Wireless networks offer the same services as a traditional wired network, as well as the added advantage of mobility. (Syracuse) Just as in a wired network environment, any device that requires a network connection must be equipped with a wireless network card. These connected devices communicate with each other through the wireless access point.(High) This access point must be physically wired and connected to the network through a high-speed interface. Wireless networking provides several advantages over a traditional wired network. Users have the advantage of mobility, meaning, users can physically move about the network using a mobile device while still maintaining a high speed an d reliable connection. Cabling problems are also no longer an issue. Wireless networks eliminate the need for the expensive and tedious costs of installation of high speed cabling. Cable faults are also eliminated because the need to replace faulty cabling is no longer needed. Wireless networks are often more quickly installed and the need to worry about office configurations and floor layouts is not as much of a concern. (Mobility) Even though wireless networking does provide several advantages over traditional cabled networking it is not without its disadvantages. Smaller bandwidth than traditional cabling, can often slow the network. Security is also an issue. While wireless networks can be encrypted, any wireless signal can be passively intercepted. And perhaps the biggest disadvantage of this technology is its reliability. All wireless signals suffer from the same problem, interference from and with ot... Free Essays on Wireless Technology Free Essays on Wireless Technology Wireless networks use radio frequencies as an alternative to standard land-based Ethernet cabling. In a wireless network, also referred to as a â€Å"WLAN†, wireless access points are set up to act as transmitters to send data to wireless network cards installed on users’ PCs, appliances, or mobile devices anywhere on the network. Wireless networks offer the same services as a traditional wired network, as well as the added advantage of mobility. (Syracuse) Just as in a wired network environment, any device that requires a network connection must be equipped with a wireless network card. These connected devices communicate with each other through the wireless access point.(High) This access point must be physically wired and connected to the network through a high-speed interface. Wireless networking provides several advantages over a traditional wired network. Users have the advantage of mobility, meaning, users can physically move about the network using a mobile device while still maintaining a high speed an d reliable connection. Cabling problems are also no longer an issue. Wireless networks eliminate the need for the expensive and tedious costs of installation of high speed cabling. Cable faults are also eliminated because the need to replace faulty cabling is no longer needed. Wireless networks are often more quickly installed and the need to worry about office configurations and floor layouts is not as much of a concern. (Mobility) Even though wireless networking does provide several advantages over traditional cabled networking it is not without its disadvantages. Smaller bandwidth than traditional cabling, can often slow the network. Security is also an issue. While wireless networks can be encrypted, any wireless signal can be passively intercepted. And perhaps the biggest disadvantage of this technology is its reliability. All wireless signals suffer from the same problem, interference from and with ot...

Labor Demand Essays - Marginal Concepts, Production Economics

Labor Demand Essays - Marginal Concepts, Production Economics Labor Demand In light of the limits that have been placed on this answer I will only focus my comments on the demand for labor and on the other hand the supply of labor. First the demand for labor. This is to me by far the most interesting aspect of the course. Labor demand is derived from the firms desire to maximize profits. This is a basic assumption of labor demand. Will the firms continually try to make changes that will improve the profitability of the firm? We assume that yes they will. Firms are basically price takers. Now their main decision is what quantity of their product to produce. This is because as they hire more people they basically increase output so the decision hire more people and the decision to produce more are basically the same decision. The optimal output will equate marginal revenue with marginal cost. Marginal revenue is the product price in a purely competitive market. Marginal cost is therefore the cost to produce that unit. MPl is the change in output of the firm. What happens when a firm decides to produce more? They must hire more labor assuming that capital remains constant. If a firm could continuously hire more peole and increase their MRP then we would live in a utopian society with no unemployment and peace and happiness everywhere. But alas we live in a world with diminishing returns and as the firm highers more people it reaches a pont where each new person costs a little more when compared with their output then the person hired before them. A good example of this is digging a hole 4 feet by 8feet by 6feet . One person would do it in about half the time that two people could do it. But three people would not do it in one third of the time. This loss in efficiency is what I am talking about. In fact soon you couldnt fit all of he people into the hole and it would be so cramped that it would atually take longer to finish the hole. If this happened then they would have a negative marginal product of labor. So the firm should keep hiring people until its marginal revenue product exceeds its marginal expense. But can they get people to come to their camp? Some time scarcity in the labor force pushes the wage ratre up and this increases the marginal expense this will shift the employment level and reduce the amount that the firm is willing to hire unless at the same time marginal revenue product goes up. This will have the opposite effect and keep employment up. But under most circumstances one of these moves more than the other and a new equilibrium is found. What this can really be used for in my personal life is the determination of wages. Before this class I had no idea how I would decide how may people to hire. Now I know that if I hire two people for 10 dollars per hour then they had better be adding at least x*$10 per hour to my company. What a bonus it was to end up taking your class and have something that I can immediatley put to use in the real world. Now I will comment on the supply of labor. A lot of this is intuitive. I understood it without knowing why or how. It just feels right. If the salries for all markets except one are held constant and that markets average wage increases then we should see a rise in the supply of people willing to be secretaries. What I find intersting about this is that this increase in the supply of secretaries should lower the amount of money that the employer is willing to pay. What stabilizes higer wages are other factors. Such as the cost of training and finding new employees just to name a couple. Sometimes the labor supply will decrese while the demand for labor increases this will result in magnified wage increases. This is because the firms in that market have to compete more ferociously for labor and since demand for their product is high they are willing to

Mobile IP Technology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mobile IP Technology - Case Study Example Mobile IP is most useful in environments where 'mobility is desired and the traditional land line dial-in model or DHCP do not provide adequate solutions for the needs of the users' If it is necessary or desirable for a user to maintain a single address while they transition between networks and network media, Mobile IP can provide them with this ability; Generally, Mobile IP is most useful in environments where a wireless technology is being utilized (CISCO, 2006). On the other hand, it has been proved that Mobile IP is most often found in 'wireless WAN environments where users need to carry their mobile devices across multiple LANs with different IP addresses' (Mobile IP, 2006). According to Chen (2006) Mobile IP is 'a newly defined protocol which supports mobile users but also is compatible with the current IP; it is still in the process of being standardized, and there are still many items that need to be worked on and enhanced, such as the security issue and the routing issue'. The use of Mobile IP in the modern IT market cannot be denied.

Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Position Paper - Essay Example This in a way is a debate of nature vs. nurture. The fact is that some of these differences are strictly biological whereas others can be influenced by the environment children are raised in. People’s mental and emotional performance as adults has a strong connection to their parents perceptions of their genders during their childhood. Although many parents in the contemporary society tend to provide their children with the same kind of upbringing without any distinction on the basis of gender thus educating them alike and offering them same opportunities of play and recreation, yet prejudice ultimately causes them to restrain the physical activity of their daughters unconsciously. The way children and their behavior is perceived by the parents shapes the way they treat their children as well as the experiences children are given. â€Å"Since life leaves footprints on the very structure and function of the brain, these various experiences produce sex differences in adult beha vior and brains—the result not of innate and inborn nature but of nurture† (Begley, 2009). Parents raise their children with definite perceptions that instill in their personalities over time. Daughters are raised with this perception that they would have to leave the home one day to live with their husbands. This perception is inculcated in them that shyness, delicacy, and cleanliness are the expected behaviors and/or traits from them. On the other hand, boys are raised with the perception that they would have to earn and support the family one day and that the expected traits of them include physical strength, aggression, and smartness. Understanding these overt or hidden messages received repeatedly from their parents, children start working toward attaining these goals, thus developing differences across genders over the passage of time. Although parents may influence the mental and emotional performance of their children, they have no control over their physical de velopment. Parents having only daughters in the conservative societies where women are not empowered have a tendency to raise at least one of the daughters as a son. This concept is frequently captured in many movies and newspapers frequently. Even recently, a Saudi woman named Saliha disguised herself as a man with consent of her father in order to be able to become a bus driver and earn some money to assist her family financially, news reported in Al-Sharq Arabic Newspaper. Saliha said, â€Å"I live with my parents and four sisters and our conditions are very difficult†¦ I looked at [my father’s] poor health condition and advanced age and I requested him to allow me to replace him, especially that I was a good driver† (Saliha cited in â€Å"Gender no bar†). Even in such cases, the parents might develop a greater level of comfort between their daughter and men in the society so that their daughter can interact with them without hesitation that typically pe rsists between men and women during interaction, yet they cannot change her biological features. Such characters in the movie are overly dressed in baggy clothes to hide the curves and artificial moustaches are applied on the face. In spite of the obvious link of the physical differences of men and women to biology, biology alone is not responsible for other physical behaviors that are displayed by men and women e.g. their susceptibility to diseases. â€Å"Rarely does biology act alone to determine health inequities. Social

Loss of my Grandfather Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Loss of my Grandfather - Essay Example This discussion stresses that the death of the author's grandfather meant a disorganization in their family system. Since childhood, grandfather used to tell them that their extended family was an emotional unit that could be bonded by love and unity. In addition, grandfather had been advising the entire family against isolation and self-centeredness whereby people could do things for personal or individual gain. Soon after the death of grandfather, family meetings were no longer held as the unifying factor existed no more. For example, the author's uncle relocated, aunt transferred to her work place to the city and my family decided on staying on our grandfather’s farm where they live with our grandmother.   Ã‚  From this paper it is clear that grandfather was an elder in their local church, and for that matter, we used to go to his church. He built our spirituality in terms of getting involved in organized religion, engaging in various church ministries, going to church ev ery Sunday and even doing evangelism on weekends. Once he died, there was laziness on Sunday as they go to church whenever they feel like, they no longer participate in church ministries like they used to and they completely forgot about bible studies or even praying together as a family. The spirituality of their family was adversely affected to the extent that they no longer give tithes like they used to do as a family.

War is kind Essay Example for Free

War is kind Essay ‘War is kind’ is a harsh and critical poem. The poetry is a sort of protest against war and ranks among the large collection of harrowing works of poetry about war. The title draws the reader’s attention to the ironic tone in the poem as it is very hard to picture war being kind. The author seems to be very pessimistic and adopts a satirical and cynical statement after the statement ‘war is kind’. For instance he says, ‘War is kind’, hoarse booming drums of the regiment, little souls who thirst for fight, these men were born to drill and die’ (Crane, 2009, pp 9). By referring to the ‘unexplained glory above them’, Crane seems to be questioning whether the destruction and death is worth it. This is an important question as most wars are really not about what they issues that the people at war claim. There are some exceptions to this, for example, World War II was about a fight for the end of holocaust, while the Civil War was about ending slavery. However for the most part, wars have been conflicts over cultural values and over natural resources. In his poem, Crane appears to be disagreeing with the notion that wars are about glory, nationalism and patriotism. These emotions that people associate with war are in reality made up to enable people feel better about the war and its effects. The level of sarcasm in the poem clearly shows Crane’s doubts as to whether war is worth anything to anyone. The author makes this point even more clearly by pointing out that war its glory and honor are worth very little to the child whose parent has died, the wife whose husband has died or the parent whose child has died. The poem is an emotional and bitter protest against the horrors of war. It gets a lot of its strength form the use of highly descriptive simple words that are contrasted with innocence. In the first line a maiden seems to be grieving about the loss of her husband, but the statement ‘war is kind’ follows. The poem then goes on to present a very dramatic picture of the husband’s death, where the dying soldier is throwing his wild hands in the direction of the sky and his frightened horse is left running alone. The constant repetition of this line is and the line ‘do not weep’, works well to place emphasis on the poem’s objective which is to undermine the fundamentals of war. The poem also has a political angle which is significant to its interpretation. In attacking the situation of those who learn only to die and drill, the poem is accusing the politics of war. In most wars, the poorer people in society are those most affected by the war and left to suffer the real ‘unexplained glory’. The poem is timeless in its setting as its message speaks for all situations and times of its kind. War is dreadful and ugly for all who have to pay the price but in looking at the surface of the political aspects of war one finds that the actualities of war are far much worse. It is more like the politicians of the day are using the lower segments of society or at least those not in politics to achieve their own ends. The poem also mocks the pomp of war with phrases and words such as ‘eagle with crest of red and gold’ and ‘swift blazing flag of the regiment’. The ‘booming drums of regiment’ have an orderly and strong official splendor which is contrasted deeply to the suffering that is displayed throughout the poem. The poem moves to a rapid conclusion where the mother’s humble labor has produced a shroud in which her son lies in together with other corpses. Crane pushes the point home by using the pronoun ‘your’ to relate more directly to the reader. The author also uses the term ‘bright splendid’ to describe the blood that the corpse will be soon covered in. The message in the poem is that there is never any winner in wars as there are losses on both sides that is in terms of the soldiers who die and the innocent people who lose their loved ones and are often also caught in between the wars. Crane emphasizes the psychological torment that people who are dying and their loved ones have to endure as opposed to focusing on the patriotic act of going to war. This depiction is a picture of the world as seen by Crane rather than how he would like it to be. The poem goes back and forth between views of the soldier and the civilian, that is the maiden and the soldier, the soldier and the child and the mother and the soldier. The poem demonstrates the excuses given to those who are left behind and the things the soldiers are told. Messages such as they died for the greater good, they died well- in excellence and virtue, they died for glory. Soldiers die in the belief that they are doing what is best to be a hero and that they are dying for glory. The poem however dismisses all these in the statement,’ but the only kingdom is that of the war god, his subjects a thousand corpses’ (Crane, 2009, pp9). All that is left behind are the tears of the people that loved the soldiers who have died at war. The poem does not simply comfort the loved ones of those who died in warm rather the poem seems to indicate that there is no comfort for these women as there sons, husbands and fathers died in the futility of war. The irony in the poem is not because Crane does not care for the pain of these women but because he feels that the men who died at war died needlessly. Crane has used his gift of writing to voice his opinion on modern events. He uses irony to convince the reader about the harsh realities of war. The reputation of war is not admirable especially when the tragic outcomes of war are realized. The survivors of war are left to endure the terrible pain and also the tactics of killing one another which are rather cruel. Crane achieves this using a style of irony and paradox and statements that have a devastating point. The illustration of how a man died at war in the first verse shows the viciousness of the people at war. The cynicism is at first shocking but it makes the reader think, why someone would speak with such cruelty to a maiden who has just lost her lover. The impact here is one of enlightening the reader to think past what the poet has written. The sarcasm in the description by the author is glaringly obvious from statements such as ‘these men were born to drill and die’ (Crane, 2009, pp9). It is very unlikely that a human being could be born simply for acts of war. The stanza also goes on to make a mockery of the glory to be found in battlefield. This mockery is evident in the lines, ‘Great is the battle-god, great and his kingdom, A field where a thousand corpses lie’ (Crane, 2009, pp9). The battle-god and his kingdom illustrate how battle can be malicious. The irony in the poem is brought out by the disguise of the battle-god as a great god and mentioning the kingdom of the battle-god as a field of a thousand corpses. The images created by the statements about war seem to create as sense of futility, resignation and exhaustion about the soldiers (unexplained glory) as they fight with flag flying above. The bitter irony of the poem is continued in the lines that follow which underscores just how senseless war can be. The bitter irony in the poem draws attention to the soldiers and in effect to all humanity demonstrating the futility that is often seen in life. According to the poem it seems that human beings have their destinies determined by social and biological determinants and do not have much of a choice in their lives. This is developed further by when the poet says, ‘point for them the virtue of slaughter, make plain to the excellence of killing (Crane, 2099, pp10). The tone here is not just ironic; it is also very despairing as Crane seems to be describing something that he thinks cannot go in any other way. Even though the poet seems to be condemning the military, he however is sympathetic to individuals affected by the war including those in the military and those who are civilians. There is a scene described by the poet in which a soldier dies in a trench. Again this is a graphic description of the death of the soldier. The tactile images used to describe him (tumbling, raging, gulping) indicate how physical war can be and the toll it can have on the human body. The description of men born to drill and die is also description of the brutal nature of war. The brutal nature of war is also depicted in the fourth stanza by the description of the flag as swift and blazing. This description points to the fierceness of war. The soldier dies in the yellow trenches. The color yellow could be used to denote a large number of things, for instance, yellow could denote the image of sunlight and thus underscore the tragedy and irony in the death of the soldier. Yellow is also a suggestion of disease and sickness making it easy to see how the soldier would fall among the bodies of his comrades which are probably jaundiced. The simile in the first line of the fifth stanza, ‘mother whose heart hung humble as a button’ describes a connection between the mourning of the mother and the smallest detail of the clothing on her son. This fills the comparison with pathos, a button’s humility comes form its small and unassuming nature. This comparison places emphasis on the unimportance of the victims of war to greater powers. The poem ends with the mother mourning for her son which brings home the highest degree of emotion as there is no consolation for the mother. Reference Crane S, 2009, War is Kind, Biblio Bazaar, pp9-10

The Concept Of Banal Nationalism

The Concept Of Banal Nationalism I will begin this essay with introducing some sociologists view on nationalism. Ronald Rogowski (1985 cited in Billig, 1995:43) viewed nationalism as the striving by members of nations for territorial autonomy, unity and independence. Anthony Giddens mentioned nationalism as a phenomenon which is primarily psychological (1985, p.116; see also Giddens, 1987, p.178 cited in Billig, 1995:44). According to his view, nationalism happens when normal life is disturbed (Billig, 1995:44). He thought that nationalist feeling are not so much a part of regular day-to-day social life (1985, p.215 cited in Billig, 1995:44), but tend to be fairly remote from most of the activities of day-to-day social life; he thought that ordinary life is affected by nationalist sentiments only in fairly unusual and often relatively transitory conditions (p.218 cited in Billig, 1995:44). According to the writing of Michael Ignatieff, nationalism was being described as dangerous, emotional and the property of other s (Billig, 1995:46). There are different real life examples that support the idea of banal nationalism: According to the Day Survey, journalists and politicians usually adopt the phrase the nation (Achard, 1993 cited in Billig, 1995:116). It leads the readers to assume a story is happened in the homeland, unless the contrary is introduced in the topic or first paragraph of the story (Billig, 1995:116). For the weather section of the British press, Billig mentions that the notion of the weather implies a national deixis, which is routinely repeatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the reports tend to be similar and contain a map of Britain, which is not actually labeled as Britain: the shape of the national geography is presumed to be recognizable (Billig, 1995:116-117). Also, the maps showing the weather in Europe and the north Atlantic in Telegraph, Guardian, Independent and The Times always put the British Isles in a central location (Billig, 1995:117). Billig also discovered that there was much more national news than i nternational news being mentioned in the British press (Billig, 1995:117). Fowler claimed this phenomenon as the homocentrism of the press, which is a preoccupation with countries, societies and individuals perceived to be like oneself (1991, p.16 cited in Billig, 1995:118). By reading the British Press on a day-to-day basis people are being mindlessly reminded that Britain meant to be the centre of worlds nations to them which things happening locally within the Britain are important to them. The peoples sense of belonging to Britain may be unconsciously enhanced through this daily practice of reading the British press. This example in line with the concept of banal nationalism which reveals that national identity is nothing natural but is socially constructed and maintained through daily activities such as reading a newspaper. In addition to the example of the British press, there was a research carried out on the Turkish Press that supports the idea of banal nationalism: thirteen out of thirty-eight Turkish newspapers used the Turkish flag or slogans such as Turkey for the Turk, The new newspaper of new Turkey or the map of Turkey as their logos which directly or indirectly remind the Turkish people of their national identity (Yumul ÃÆ'-zkirimli, 2000:789). The unimaginative repetitive act of the Turkish newspapers which act as a continuous, albeit barely conscious, reminders of the nationhood; they are equal to the unwave flag which unmindfully reminding the Turkish of their national identity and homeland (Yumul ÃÆ'-zkirimli, 2000:790). Seventy-six per cent of the Turkish newspapers divided the local news and the foreign news; domestic news items are classified under subject headings and do not carry a specific caption like Home News (Yumul ÃÆ'-zkirimli, 2000:790). The Turkish Newspapers usually us e an unlabelled map of Turkey to report the weather which reinforce and naturalize at the level of the unconscious the geographical shape of the homeland which the reader has encountered countless times in the course of his lifetime (Yumul ÃÆ'-zkirimli, 2000:790). We can also notice the banal nationalism through the sport news on the Turkish press. For instance, Fanatik, after reporting the victory of the 14-16 age-group team of Galatasaray over the Dutch Ajax quotes the managers of Galatasaray: Let them learn from us, instead of us taking them as examples (Yumul ÃÆ'-zkirimli, 2000:800). This example of the Turkish press demonstrates that banal nationalism is taking place in different nations. The slogans, imbalance amount of local news and foreign news, style of weather reports, and content of the sport news of the Turkish press creates a sense of us and them between our nation- Turkey and others- the foreign nations. The readers will be unconsciously reminded about their natio nal identity- Turkish. This example once again reveals socially constructed characteristic of the national identity. Example that supports banal nationalism can also be found among the Scottish Newspapers: Daily Record a Scottish tabloid, which its masthead was stated as Your Papers-Made in Scotland; and also Scotlands Champion, which ensemble unambiguously fixes the centre of its social and spatial deictric and evokes the Record as the defender of the Scottish nation (Law, 2001:306). There are far more examples that supporting the idea of banal nationalism in our daily life. For instance, the content and style of TV proagrammes, content of TV news reports, the words used by the politicians, and the name of road signs, etc. Nation reveals the sense of a we travelling together through time, acting collectively in our own space, with a common fate (Anderson, 1983 cited in Wetherell Potter, 1992:141). The people of a nation contain an idea of national character, a set of personality traits and attitudes which people share in common, distinct from others, such as the Australians and British, and it constructs a framework of rituals, icons, anthems and flags (Wetherell Potter, 1992:141). The national identity is then a persons sense or feeling of belonging to a nation. Banal nationalism contributes to the understanding of the national identity in many ways. For instance, it challenges the social identity theory: social identity theory suggests that conflict can occur where the ingroup has absolutely nothing to gain from competing with the outgroup; Tajfel believes that having identification with a group will increase self-esteem; and so national identity helps us to find meaning in our lives (Houghton, 200 9:171-172). Billig doesnt agree with this theory because he thinks that it fails to grasp how the social category of national identity is actually constituted, and why it persists; basic to Billigs argument is that such identities are not cognitive schemata, but rather patterns of practice and habit built into the material and social environment; We do not just adopt such social categories because they fill certain psychological needs, we adapt to a social environment that renders these categories real and imperative (cf. Eagleton 1991: 40 cited in Hearn, 2007:660-661). Banal nationalism demonstrates that a person who adopts a national identity is through consistent learning and seeing perhaps mindlessly and routinely that build his or her sense of belonging to a particular nation but not like what has been claimed by the social identity theory that a person adopts a particular national identity is because of the innate need psychologically. Another contribution of banal nationalism is that it challenges the concept of things about nationalism and national identity are far away from what ordinary people can reach or experience in a steady established Western nation. Instead, it reveals that many ordinary people are experiencing nationalism in their everyday life but just in another form from what they expected. In addition, the theory challenges the supposed dichotomy between our civilised societies and their violent ones (Skey, 2009:334). Local people within a nation usually deny they are nationalist or nationalism but point these things to the people in other nations because they usually see nationalism as something negative, dynamic, emotional which I mentioned in the previous part of the essay. However, the theory of banal nationalism reveals that nationalism is actually crucial for them to form and reform their national identities nowadays. Banal nationalism also draws our attention to the ongoing production of a hegemonic discourse whose power comes from being seen as natural, taken-for-granted, common sense (Sutherland, 2005: 196 cited in Skey, 2009:334); which in line with what Jan Penrose has claimed: our acceptance of nations as natural divisions of the global territory and population is essential to the maintenance of the existing geopolitical order (Penrose, 1994: 161-81 cited in Skey, 2009:334). The concept of banal nationalism once again reminds us that the divisions of the worlds nations are not happened naturally and neither the adoption of our national identities. However, on the other hand, there are different critiques to the idea of banal nationalism which may undermine the value of this theory: Mirca Madianou (2005) claimed that take account of media theory which has long argued that audiences cannot simply be seen as either coherent or empty vessels that uncritically absorb the media messages that they encounter (cf Abercrombie and Longhurst, 1998; Gillespie, 2005 cited in Skey, 2009:336). It challenges that people who receive the messages from the newspapers, TV programmes, TV news, etc are not homogenous in terms of mind-set or perception toward different ideas. Different people will interpret and react differently when they receive the messages from the banal signifiers. For instance, people from different social class and political background will think differently. The concept of banal nationalism ignores the complexity of the audiences within a nation. There is also a critique that claiming Billig has commit to problems of assuming a settled and largely benign socio-political landscape even in what Billig has labelled as established, democratic nations(1995:93 cited in Skey, 2009:337). Jackie Abell et al. challenge the idea that any modern states are stable in the sense of being unchallenged over time, or lacking in internal tensions or external challenges is highly questionable and as such should be critically evaluated in terms of its ideological function (Abell et al., 2006: 208 cited in Skey, 2009:337). The political and social situation of a nation could be far unstable and worse than Billig has expected even in a developed nation. To conclude, the argument of this essay demonstrated the importance and contribution of the theory of banal nationalism for understanding national identity in both the social and political aspects. However, in my opinion, its value might have been declining and continue to decline in the future. Apart from the reasons of the above critiques and limitation, to certain extent it is also because of the improvement of technologies and process of globalization. The relationship between the media and the nation is being made ever more complex through the widespread use of the internet (Eriksen, 2007 cited in Skey, 2009:336), satellite broadcasting (Madianou, 2005 cited in Skey, 2009:336), mobile phones etc; It means that people in a nation have more choices to receive various information from other part of the world but not just from the national-operated media. Besides, globalization will also enhance the mobility, fluidity, and movement of people. These factors may increase the complexit y of audiences in a nation since there are more different groups of people in terms of ethnicity, culture, gender, etc gather in different nations. These different groups of people may interpret and react differently from the banal signifiers and perceive themselves as having different national identities from the others.