Loss of my Grandfather Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Loss of my Grandfather - Essay Example This discussion stresses that the death of the author's grandfather meant a disorganization in their family system. Since childhood, grandfather used to tell them that their extended family was an emotional unit that could be bonded by love and unity. In addition, grandfather had been advising the entire family against isolation and self-centeredness whereby people could do things for personal or individual gain. Soon after the death of grandfather, family meetings were no longer held as the unifying factor existed no more. For example, the author's uncle relocated, aunt transferred to her work place to the city and my family decided on staying on our grandfather’s farm where they live with our grandmother.   Ã‚  From this paper it is clear that grandfather was an elder in their local church, and for that matter, we used to go to his church. He built our spirituality in terms of getting involved in organized religion, engaging in various church ministries, going to church ev ery Sunday and even doing evangelism on weekends. Once he died, there was laziness on Sunday as they go to church whenever they feel like, they no longer participate in church ministries like they used to and they completely forgot about bible studies or even praying together as a family. The spirituality of their family was adversely affected to the extent that they no longer give tithes like they used to do as a family.

War is kind Essay Example for Free

War is kind Essay ‘War is kind’ is a harsh and critical poem. The poetry is a sort of protest against war and ranks among the large collection of harrowing works of poetry about war. The title draws the reader’s attention to the ironic tone in the poem as it is very hard to picture war being kind. The author seems to be very pessimistic and adopts a satirical and cynical statement after the statement ‘war is kind’. For instance he says, ‘War is kind’, hoarse booming drums of the regiment, little souls who thirst for fight, these men were born to drill and die’ (Crane, 2009, pp 9). By referring to the ‘unexplained glory above them’, Crane seems to be questioning whether the destruction and death is worth it. This is an important question as most wars are really not about what they issues that the people at war claim. There are some exceptions to this, for example, World War II was about a fight for the end of holocaust, while the Civil War was about ending slavery. However for the most part, wars have been conflicts over cultural values and over natural resources. In his poem, Crane appears to be disagreeing with the notion that wars are about glory, nationalism and patriotism. These emotions that people associate with war are in reality made up to enable people feel better about the war and its effects. The level of sarcasm in the poem clearly shows Crane’s doubts as to whether war is worth anything to anyone. The author makes this point even more clearly by pointing out that war its glory and honor are worth very little to the child whose parent has died, the wife whose husband has died or the parent whose child has died. The poem is an emotional and bitter protest against the horrors of war. It gets a lot of its strength form the use of highly descriptive simple words that are contrasted with innocence. In the first line a maiden seems to be grieving about the loss of her husband, but the statement ‘war is kind’ follows. The poem then goes on to present a very dramatic picture of the husband’s death, where the dying soldier is throwing his wild hands in the direction of the sky and his frightened horse is left running alone. The constant repetition of this line is and the line ‘do not weep’, works well to place emphasis on the poem’s objective which is to undermine the fundamentals of war. The poem also has a political angle which is significant to its interpretation. In attacking the situation of those who learn only to die and drill, the poem is accusing the politics of war. In most wars, the poorer people in society are those most affected by the war and left to suffer the real ‘unexplained glory’. The poem is timeless in its setting as its message speaks for all situations and times of its kind. War is dreadful and ugly for all who have to pay the price but in looking at the surface of the political aspects of war one finds that the actualities of war are far much worse. It is more like the politicians of the day are using the lower segments of society or at least those not in politics to achieve their own ends. The poem also mocks the pomp of war with phrases and words such as ‘eagle with crest of red and gold’ and ‘swift blazing flag of the regiment’. The ‘booming drums of regiment’ have an orderly and strong official splendor which is contrasted deeply to the suffering that is displayed throughout the poem. The poem moves to a rapid conclusion where the mother’s humble labor has produced a shroud in which her son lies in together with other corpses. Crane pushes the point home by using the pronoun ‘your’ to relate more directly to the reader. The author also uses the term ‘bright splendid’ to describe the blood that the corpse will be soon covered in. The message in the poem is that there is never any winner in wars as there are losses on both sides that is in terms of the soldiers who die and the innocent people who lose their loved ones and are often also caught in between the wars. Crane emphasizes the psychological torment that people who are dying and their loved ones have to endure as opposed to focusing on the patriotic act of going to war. This depiction is a picture of the world as seen by Crane rather than how he would like it to be. The poem goes back and forth between views of the soldier and the civilian, that is the maiden and the soldier, the soldier and the child and the mother and the soldier. The poem demonstrates the excuses given to those who are left behind and the things the soldiers are told. Messages such as they died for the greater good, they died well- in excellence and virtue, they died for glory. Soldiers die in the belief that they are doing what is best to be a hero and that they are dying for glory. The poem however dismisses all these in the statement,’ but the only kingdom is that of the war god, his subjects a thousand corpses’ (Crane, 2009, pp9). All that is left behind are the tears of the people that loved the soldiers who have died at war. The poem does not simply comfort the loved ones of those who died in warm rather the poem seems to indicate that there is no comfort for these women as there sons, husbands and fathers died in the futility of war. The irony in the poem is not because Crane does not care for the pain of these women but because he feels that the men who died at war died needlessly. Crane has used his gift of writing to voice his opinion on modern events. He uses irony to convince the reader about the harsh realities of war. The reputation of war is not admirable especially when the tragic outcomes of war are realized. The survivors of war are left to endure the terrible pain and also the tactics of killing one another which are rather cruel. Crane achieves this using a style of irony and paradox and statements that have a devastating point. The illustration of how a man died at war in the first verse shows the viciousness of the people at war. The cynicism is at first shocking but it makes the reader think, why someone would speak with such cruelty to a maiden who has just lost her lover. The impact here is one of enlightening the reader to think past what the poet has written. The sarcasm in the description by the author is glaringly obvious from statements such as ‘these men were born to drill and die’ (Crane, 2009, pp9). It is very unlikely that a human being could be born simply for acts of war. The stanza also goes on to make a mockery of the glory to be found in battlefield. This mockery is evident in the lines, ‘Great is the battle-god, great and his kingdom, A field where a thousand corpses lie’ (Crane, 2009, pp9). The battle-god and his kingdom illustrate how battle can be malicious. The irony in the poem is brought out by the disguise of the battle-god as a great god and mentioning the kingdom of the battle-god as a field of a thousand corpses. The images created by the statements about war seem to create as sense of futility, resignation and exhaustion about the soldiers (unexplained glory) as they fight with flag flying above. The bitter irony of the poem is continued in the lines that follow which underscores just how senseless war can be. The bitter irony in the poem draws attention to the soldiers and in effect to all humanity demonstrating the futility that is often seen in life. According to the poem it seems that human beings have their destinies determined by social and biological determinants and do not have much of a choice in their lives. This is developed further by when the poet says, ‘point for them the virtue of slaughter, make plain to the excellence of killing (Crane, 2099, pp10). The tone here is not just ironic; it is also very despairing as Crane seems to be describing something that he thinks cannot go in any other way. Even though the poet seems to be condemning the military, he however is sympathetic to individuals affected by the war including those in the military and those who are civilians. There is a scene described by the poet in which a soldier dies in a trench. Again this is a graphic description of the death of the soldier. The tactile images used to describe him (tumbling, raging, gulping) indicate how physical war can be and the toll it can have on the human body. The description of men born to drill and die is also description of the brutal nature of war. The brutal nature of war is also depicted in the fourth stanza by the description of the flag as swift and blazing. This description points to the fierceness of war. The soldier dies in the yellow trenches. The color yellow could be used to denote a large number of things, for instance, yellow could denote the image of sunlight and thus underscore the tragedy and irony in the death of the soldier. Yellow is also a suggestion of disease and sickness making it easy to see how the soldier would fall among the bodies of his comrades which are probably jaundiced. The simile in the first line of the fifth stanza, ‘mother whose heart hung humble as a button’ describes a connection between the mourning of the mother and the smallest detail of the clothing on her son. This fills the comparison with pathos, a button’s humility comes form its small and unassuming nature. This comparison places emphasis on the unimportance of the victims of war to greater powers. The poem ends with the mother mourning for her son which brings home the highest degree of emotion as there is no consolation for the mother. Reference Crane S, 2009, War is Kind, Biblio Bazaar, pp9-10

The Concept Of Banal Nationalism

The Concept Of Banal Nationalism I will begin this essay with introducing some sociologists view on nationalism. Ronald Rogowski (1985 cited in Billig, 1995:43) viewed nationalism as the striving by members of nations for territorial autonomy, unity and independence. Anthony Giddens mentioned nationalism as a phenomenon which is primarily psychological (1985, p.116; see also Giddens, 1987, p.178 cited in Billig, 1995:44). According to his view, nationalism happens when normal life is disturbed (Billig, 1995:44). He thought that nationalist feeling are not so much a part of regular day-to-day social life (1985, p.215 cited in Billig, 1995:44), but tend to be fairly remote from most of the activities of day-to-day social life; he thought that ordinary life is affected by nationalist sentiments only in fairly unusual and often relatively transitory conditions (p.218 cited in Billig, 1995:44). According to the writing of Michael Ignatieff, nationalism was being described as dangerous, emotional and the property of other s (Billig, 1995:46). There are different real life examples that support the idea of banal nationalism: According to the Day Survey, journalists and politicians usually adopt the phrase the nation (Achard, 1993 cited in Billig, 1995:116). It leads the readers to assume a story is happened in the homeland, unless the contrary is introduced in the topic or first paragraph of the story (Billig, 1995:116). For the weather section of the British press, Billig mentions that the notion of the weather implies a national deixis, which is routinely repeatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the reports tend to be similar and contain a map of Britain, which is not actually labeled as Britain: the shape of the national geography is presumed to be recognizable (Billig, 1995:116-117). Also, the maps showing the weather in Europe and the north Atlantic in Telegraph, Guardian, Independent and The Times always put the British Isles in a central location (Billig, 1995:117). Billig also discovered that there was much more national news than i nternational news being mentioned in the British press (Billig, 1995:117). Fowler claimed this phenomenon as the homocentrism of the press, which is a preoccupation with countries, societies and individuals perceived to be like oneself (1991, p.16 cited in Billig, 1995:118). By reading the British Press on a day-to-day basis people are being mindlessly reminded that Britain meant to be the centre of worlds nations to them which things happening locally within the Britain are important to them. The peoples sense of belonging to Britain may be unconsciously enhanced through this daily practice of reading the British press. This example in line with the concept of banal nationalism which reveals that national identity is nothing natural but is socially constructed and maintained through daily activities such as reading a newspaper. In addition to the example of the British press, there was a research carried out on the Turkish Press that supports the idea of banal nationalism: thirteen out of thirty-eight Turkish newspapers used the Turkish flag or slogans such as Turkey for the Turk, The new newspaper of new Turkey or the map of Turkey as their logos which directly or indirectly remind the Turkish people of their national identity (Yumul ÃÆ'-zkirimli, 2000:789). The unimaginative repetitive act of the Turkish newspapers which act as a continuous, albeit barely conscious, reminders of the nationhood; they are equal to the unwave flag which unmindfully reminding the Turkish of their national identity and homeland (Yumul ÃÆ'-zkirimli, 2000:790). Seventy-six per cent of the Turkish newspapers divided the local news and the foreign news; domestic news items are classified under subject headings and do not carry a specific caption like Home News (Yumul ÃÆ'-zkirimli, 2000:790). The Turkish Newspapers usually us e an unlabelled map of Turkey to report the weather which reinforce and naturalize at the level of the unconscious the geographical shape of the homeland which the reader has encountered countless times in the course of his lifetime (Yumul ÃÆ'-zkirimli, 2000:790). We can also notice the banal nationalism through the sport news on the Turkish press. For instance, Fanatik, after reporting the victory of the 14-16 age-group team of Galatasaray over the Dutch Ajax quotes the managers of Galatasaray: Let them learn from us, instead of us taking them as examples (Yumul ÃÆ'-zkirimli, 2000:800). This example of the Turkish press demonstrates that banal nationalism is taking place in different nations. The slogans, imbalance amount of local news and foreign news, style of weather reports, and content of the sport news of the Turkish press creates a sense of us and them between our nation- Turkey and others- the foreign nations. The readers will be unconsciously reminded about their natio nal identity- Turkish. This example once again reveals socially constructed characteristic of the national identity. Example that supports banal nationalism can also be found among the Scottish Newspapers: Daily Record a Scottish tabloid, which its masthead was stated as Your Papers-Made in Scotland; and also Scotlands Champion, which ensemble unambiguously fixes the centre of its social and spatial deictric and evokes the Record as the defender of the Scottish nation (Law, 2001:306). There are far more examples that supporting the idea of banal nationalism in our daily life. For instance, the content and style of TV proagrammes, content of TV news reports, the words used by the politicians, and the name of road signs, etc. Nation reveals the sense of a we travelling together through time, acting collectively in our own space, with a common fate (Anderson, 1983 cited in Wetherell Potter, 1992:141). The people of a nation contain an idea of national character, a set of personality traits and attitudes which people share in common, distinct from others, such as the Australians and British, and it constructs a framework of rituals, icons, anthems and flags (Wetherell Potter, 1992:141). The national identity is then a persons sense or feeling of belonging to a nation. Banal nationalism contributes to the understanding of the national identity in many ways. For instance, it challenges the social identity theory: social identity theory suggests that conflict can occur where the ingroup has absolutely nothing to gain from competing with the outgroup; Tajfel believes that having identification with a group will increase self-esteem; and so national identity helps us to find meaning in our lives (Houghton, 200 9:171-172). Billig doesnt agree with this theory because he thinks that it fails to grasp how the social category of national identity is actually constituted, and why it persists; basic to Billigs argument is that such identities are not cognitive schemata, but rather patterns of practice and habit built into the material and social environment; We do not just adopt such social categories because they fill certain psychological needs, we adapt to a social environment that renders these categories real and imperative (cf. Eagleton 1991: 40 cited in Hearn, 2007:660-661). Banal nationalism demonstrates that a person who adopts a national identity is through consistent learning and seeing perhaps mindlessly and routinely that build his or her sense of belonging to a particular nation but not like what has been claimed by the social identity theory that a person adopts a particular national identity is because of the innate need psychologically. Another contribution of banal nationalism is that it challenges the concept of things about nationalism and national identity are far away from what ordinary people can reach or experience in a steady established Western nation. Instead, it reveals that many ordinary people are experiencing nationalism in their everyday life but just in another form from what they expected. In addition, the theory challenges the supposed dichotomy between our civilised societies and their violent ones (Skey, 2009:334). Local people within a nation usually deny they are nationalist or nationalism but point these things to the people in other nations because they usually see nationalism as something negative, dynamic, emotional which I mentioned in the previous part of the essay. However, the theory of banal nationalism reveals that nationalism is actually crucial for them to form and reform their national identities nowadays. Banal nationalism also draws our attention to the ongoing production of a hegemonic discourse whose power comes from being seen as natural, taken-for-granted, common sense (Sutherland, 2005: 196 cited in Skey, 2009:334); which in line with what Jan Penrose has claimed: our acceptance of nations as natural divisions of the global territory and population is essential to the maintenance of the existing geopolitical order (Penrose, 1994: 161-81 cited in Skey, 2009:334). The concept of banal nationalism once again reminds us that the divisions of the worlds nations are not happened naturally and neither the adoption of our national identities. However, on the other hand, there are different critiques to the idea of banal nationalism which may undermine the value of this theory: Mirca Madianou (2005) claimed that take account of media theory which has long argued that audiences cannot simply be seen as either coherent or empty vessels that uncritically absorb the media messages that they encounter (cf Abercrombie and Longhurst, 1998; Gillespie, 2005 cited in Skey, 2009:336). It challenges that people who receive the messages from the newspapers, TV programmes, TV news, etc are not homogenous in terms of mind-set or perception toward different ideas. Different people will interpret and react differently when they receive the messages from the banal signifiers. For instance, people from different social class and political background will think differently. The concept of banal nationalism ignores the complexity of the audiences within a nation. There is also a critique that claiming Billig has commit to problems of assuming a settled and largely benign socio-political landscape even in what Billig has labelled as established, democratic nations(1995:93 cited in Skey, 2009:337). Jackie Abell et al. challenge the idea that any modern states are stable in the sense of being unchallenged over time, or lacking in internal tensions or external challenges is highly questionable and as such should be critically evaluated in terms of its ideological function (Abell et al., 2006: 208 cited in Skey, 2009:337). The political and social situation of a nation could be far unstable and worse than Billig has expected even in a developed nation. To conclude, the argument of this essay demonstrated the importance and contribution of the theory of banal nationalism for understanding national identity in both the social and political aspects. However, in my opinion, its value might have been declining and continue to decline in the future. Apart from the reasons of the above critiques and limitation, to certain extent it is also because of the improvement of technologies and process of globalization. The relationship between the media and the nation is being made ever more complex through the widespread use of the internet (Eriksen, 2007 cited in Skey, 2009:336), satellite broadcasting (Madianou, 2005 cited in Skey, 2009:336), mobile phones etc; It means that people in a nation have more choices to receive various information from other part of the world but not just from the national-operated media. Besides, globalization will also enhance the mobility, fluidity, and movement of people. These factors may increase the complexit y of audiences in a nation since there are more different groups of people in terms of ethnicity, culture, gender, etc gather in different nations. These different groups of people may interpret and react differently from the banal signifiers and perceive themselves as having different national identities from the others.

Living In Space :: essays research papers fc

Living In Space: Energy Space is filled with radiant energy and beyond earth's atmosphere this energy flow more steadily and more intensely from the sun than that which penetrates to the surface of the Earth. So an abundant and essential source of energy that would be used in space for the space colony would be solar radiation by developing satellite solar power stations. To live in space, humans must be protected from the fierce intensity and penetrating wavelengths of unattenuated sunlight, but this same energy is one of the primary resources of space. The colony will have to have enough energy to maintain a fairly uniform temperature even though it is apace. The sun shines twenty-four hours a day and is not dimmed by an atmosphere. Shaded materials not exposed to direct sunlight will almost be at absolute zero. While the temperature in closed bodies exposed to the sun can soar above the boiling point. The colony will need to have both heaters and air conditioners. On the other hand, this sun's energy can be converted into electricity in the colonies. It will be converted with ten percent efficiency to electrical power which is sold at a rate of .012 kw/hr, a square kilometer of space would return more than $14,000,000 each year. Converting solar power to electricity in space, we would build satellite solar power stations that would intercept the sunlight and convert it into electricity. The satellite solar power stations would intercept enough sunlight to replace five nuclear reactors or coal plants. The stations could be as big as nine miles long and four miles wide and it would only weigh twenty thousand tons. It would be built with hollow triangular girders made of aluminum that is very fast and easy to build . Solar power satellites are a pollution free way to generate electricity and cost no more than coal or nuclear energy. There has been twomajor designed stations made so far. One is designed by Peter Glaser of Author D. Little Inc., which would use very large arrays of photo voltaic cells to make the conversion directly into energy. The other major design is by Gordon Woodcock of Boeing Aircraft Corporation, proposed having conventional turbogenerators operating on a Brayton cycle with helium as the working fluid. The key product in the solar power stations is solar cells, which does the actual converting of energy into electricity. A useful material is found in lunar soil is silicon which is used to make solar cells. So we can produce a large amount of these cells and then we can avoid any problems of shipping the material from earth. Cells convert sunlight directly into electricity and this could be used to supply the electricity for the

Different Types of Documents Produced in a Business Environment Essay

The different formats in which text may be presented are font typefaces, headings, font size, effects (bold, italics, underlined), colours and text boxes. We can format text in paragraphs, tables and columns. We can add bullet points, headers and footers. We can also add tables, graphs, diagrams and flowcharts as a clear way to represent data and processes. 1. 3 Explain the purpose and benefits of producing high quality and attractive documents The documents you produce for your organisation are an image of representation of your organisation. So it creates an impression on the reader about the standards of the organisation. A good quality document that looks good to the audience can gain more customers and increase the company’s reputation. The quality of your documents is a reflection on you. 2. 3 Describe different types of technology available for inputting, formatting, and editing text and their main features A keyboard and mouse would be the main technology to insert text into a computer. When using a keyboard you press the specific key for each character that needs inputting, and this is transferred on to the computer screen, in a word processing program. A mouse helps you navigate on the computer screen to select the programs to select the programs to open and view and type the text. Another form of inputting could be copying and pasting information from the internet or another document. You could even use a scanner to input text and transfer documents into the computer. Within the Microsoft Word package, you have the following tools to format the text to make it look high quality: -WordArt: this includes effects such as shadows, outlines, colours, gradients, and 3D effects that can be added to a word or phrase. WordArt can also bend, stretch, rotate, or modify the shape of the text. -Page layout: the arrangement of text, images and other objects on a page. -Columns: this is a vertical division of text on a page, usually found in the layout of booklets, newspapers, magazines and leaflets. -Paragraphs: usually a distinct, short section on a document/ piece of writing, usually with a single theme. -Headers and footers: A header or footer is text or graphics that is usually printed at the top or bottom of every page in a document. A header is printed in the top margin; a footer is printed in the bottom margin. The types of technology that are available to edit text are: -Spell check: a computer program that identifies possible misspellings in a block of text by comparing the text with a database of the correct spellings. -Grammar check: this is a tool on Microsoft programs that gives you helpful hints to improve your sentence structure. -Find and replace: this is a function that allows you to search for a particular word in a document and replace it if you need to rename more than one word. 3. Explain the benefits of agreeing the purpose, content, style and deadlines for producing documents. The audience of a document is the group of people for who it is written for. Therefore, documents should be designed to meet the needs of the expected audience. You need to know the purpose of the document so you know what and how to produce it, for example, if it is advertising for young people you would want it to be eye catching and in a style that will appeal to them. It is important to agree the content so you can obtain the information, plan and organise the layout. Deadlines are important so you can plan other work around it and complete the document on time. 3. 2 Outline different ways of organising content for documents. To organise the content you require for a document, you first need to find out how the document is to be presented and the information that is to be included. But ways you could organise content could be: -Bullet points -Alphabetical ordering -Chronological order -Headings -Text -Graphs -Text boxes You should then store all the information needed safely and with clear file names. 3. Outline ways of integrating and laying out text and non-text. Text and non – text can be integrated easily with Microsoft Word or Publisher. There are many ways of laying out a document, using columns, graphics, and blocks of text, headings, background colours, images and white space and wrap text around; which helps you to work around with its different features to get a consistent format. Also there are other office applications that help with integrating and laying out text and non-text, for example, Excel and PowerPoint, help with integrating text and non-text in spread sheets and slides. Many organisations use a logo on all their printed materials and their documents often have a very specific style. This will be achieved by always using the same fonts, font sizes, text and page colours and page layout. 3. 4 Describe ways of checking finished documents for accuracy – including spelling, grammar and punctuation – and correctness, and the purpose of doing so. When you have finished creating a document, you should review and check it thoroughly before sending or printing the document. Word documents have a spell check function, however even using spell check might not be completely accurate, therefore using a grammar check on the document as well, will be more beneficial. After doing the spell and grammar checks, you could ask another colleague to proof read your work – having a proof reader can help highlight problems as they are a fresh set of eyes that have not read the document. Re-reading the documents several days after completing, may refresh your mind to notice any corrections and adjustments. It is beneficial to compare the final version with original notes and rough drafts. All of these checks are to ensure that your document that you want to make is fit for purpose and correct before showing to a senior member of staff or production of the document. 3. 5 Explain the purpose of storing documents safely and securely, and ways of doing so. Any document with any sensitive information should always be stored safely; electronically or physically. For example, -A filing cabinet which can be locked, as it may be required for future use/reference. Storing confidential documents electronically should always be stored with password protection, on a safe and secure operating system. -Locking your computer if you’re leaving your desk, even if it is for just a few minutes. -Being aware who is around you or your desk when dealing with documents with confidential information on. 3. 6 Explain the purpose of confidentiality and data protection when preparing documents. Any form of personal information held about a person within a company is protected under the Data Protection Act; this means all data should be kept confidential. This is significant to ensure nobody will be able to get the data and pass the information on. Confidentiality is very important when preparing documents, because Oxfordshire County Council is involved with a lot of personal data: †¢Full names †¢Contact details (addresses and phone numbers) †¢Records When preparing documents we need to be aware of what we are including in the document, for example if you are adding a photograph, do you have the right permission to use it? As a company, in order to protect the users and the owner, confidentiality must be observed. 3. Explain the purpose and benefits of meeting deadlines. If deadlines are valued and meeting those deadlines is enforced, expectations are consistent. It is important that you produce your work to the best possible standard in order to meet the requirements of the person setting the task. This will show you are responsible and trustworthy and you can be relied upon to get things completed. You may not know who else might be waiting for your work; it could have to be passed on to someone else. This may cause problems and delays in the workplace and could affect team relationships.

Shylock From the Merchant of Venice Character Analysis

Shylock From the Merchant of Venice Character Analysis A  Shylock character analysis can tell us a lot about The Merchant of Venice. Shylock, the Jewish moneylender is the villain of the play and the audience response  depends on how he is portrayed in performance. An actor will hopefully be able to extract sympathy for Shylock from the audience, despite his vengeful bloodthirsty and greedy proclivities. Shylock  the Jew His position as a Jew is made much of in the play and in Shakespeare’s Britain some might argue, that this would have positioned him as a baddy, however, the Christian characters in the play are also open to criticism and as such Shakespeare is not necessarily judging him for his religious belief but demonstrating intolerance in both religions. Shylock refuses to eat with the Christians: Yes, to smell pork, to eat of the habitation which your prophet the Nazerite conjured the devil into! I will buy with you, sell with you, talk to you, walk with you, and so following, but I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you. He also questions the Christians for their treatment of others: ...what these Christians are, Whose own hard dealings teaches them to suspect the thoughts of others! Could Shakespeare be commenting here on the way Christians converted the world to their religion or on the way that they treat other religions? Having said this, there are a lot of insults leveled at Shylock merely based on his being a Jew, many suggesting that he is akin to the devil: A modern audience may find these lines insulting. A modern audience would surely consider his religion to be of no consequence in terms of his status as a villain, he could be considered a reprehensible character who also happens to be a Jewish man. Must Jessica convert to Christianity in order to be accepted by Lorenzo and his friends? This is the implication. That the Christian characters are considered the goodies in this narrative and the Jewish character the baddy of the piece, suggests some judgment against being Jewish. However, Shylock is permitted to give as good as he gets against Christianity and is able to level similar insults as he receives. Shylock  the Victim To an extent, we feel sorry for Shylock’s victimization based solely on his Jewishness. Apart from Jessica who converts to Christianity, he is the only Jewish character and it feels he is somewhat ganged up on by all of the other characters. Had he just have been ‘Shylock’ without the religion, almost certainly one could argue a modern audience would have less sympathy for him? As a result of this assumption, would Shakespeare’s audience have had less sympathy for him because of his status as a Jew? Shylock  the Villain? Shylock’s position as a villain per se is possible to debate. Shylock is sticking to his bond to his word. He is true to his own code of conduct. Antonio signed that bond and promised that money, Shylock has been wronged; he has had his money stolen from him by his daughter and Lorenzo. However, Shylock is offered three times his money back and he still demands his pound of flesh; this moves him into the realms of villainy. It depends on his portrayal as to how much an audience has sympathy for his position and character as to how much he is judged at the end of the play. He is certainly left at the end of the play with very little to his name, although at least he is able to keep his property until his death. I think it would be difficult not to feel some sympathy for Shylock as all the characters celebrate at the end while he is all alone. It would be interesting to revisit Shylock in the years following and find out what he did next. â€Å"The devil can cite scripture for his purpose† (Act 1 Scene 3)â€Å"Certainly the Jew is the very devil incarnation;† (Act 2 Scene 2)

Can I get a refund on my car Professor Ramos Blog

Can I get a refund on my car My story all begins in April on a cold rainy day.   My parents were driving to Los Angeles to see my grandma, when my parents pulled off the freeway many exits too early, my mom said â€Å"I need to use the restroom. I will be quick.†   We all knew that was going to be true. So me and my best friend walked around the parking lot while both my parents went in to the dealer to use the restroom. While I was walking around I was thinking of the day I would get one for myself.   My parents came out and as we all started walking back to the car to leave, my dad said â€Å"Look Aryanna†. I turned my head and seen my dad filming me so then I looked at my mom and she had a box in her hand. My eyes started to water and she handed me the box.   I opened it and there were keys. There it was a brand new 2016 Honda Civic with huge balloons and a big red bow. All was well, I had just got a car but there was a couple problems.   I didn’t have a license, although I did have my permit. Yet there was still a bigger problem as I looked around my new car and noticed that my car was a manual transmission.   I couldn’t even drive an automatic yet and now I got a manual, great what a bother. So now I had a great obstacle ahead of me. So the next day my parents took me to an empty abandoned parking lot in San Bernardino and arked my new car there.   My mom and dad got out of the car and told me to get out and go in the driver seat, so I did. My dad went in the passenger and my mom wanted no business with me and driving a car so she sat on the planter that was there.   And it here it all goes, I know what type of a teacher my father is. He’s the loud, aggressive and annoyed type of teacher. So the easy part was putting on the seat belt, everything else was a struggle. Just to turn on the car I had to push in the clutch and brake.   There were three pedals one clutch, one brake and the gas pedal. At the time I could not tell you which is which. Once I did, I pushed them both in and started it up and then took my feet off and that was the first time I stalled my car. Here we go again, my dad saying in his calm voice†try again†.   So I start it up and look at him for my next instructions. He tells me to put it in the 1st gear, he told me â€Å"drag the stick up to where it says one†. So I did and his next instruction was â€Å"let your foot off the clutch a little, then off the brake and start to press the gas a little†. I let go of the brake and I started rolling back and slammed on the brakes! This was only about 10 minutes in and I had now gave myself and my dad whiplash.   My mom is laughing on the sidelines and my dad telling me to try it again. So here I go, I try again.   I take my foot off the brake and press the gas. I go nowhere, I have to take my foot off the clutch some.   Although I did it too much and I stalled again. I tried it again, I still stalled again, this happens several times before I am even able to make it further.   Stalling every couple minutes after about 3 hours of struggling, I finally got the hang of it and I was starting to get up to 15 mph in the parking lot and it was now time to shift gears.   I hear my dad saying â€Å"only push in the clutch and put it into 2nd gear and let go of the clutch and press the gas again. So my car shook but it stayed on. I continued for about another hour and got the flow of how to drive my car. Now at this point, in the next day I assumed we would go back to the parking lot and continue to practice.   I was very much so wrong, my parents got in my car and told me to drive to Oak Glen which is about an hour drive from where I live.   Just to turn everything off it was pouring down raining. So not only have I not drove on a street, I have never drove a stick shift for a long period of time.   I now had to drive in the rain. Can I get a refund on my car ?My driving was rough but I drove my family there and back home safely.   To this day I continue to be a safe driver. I still have my same car and I still continue to stall on harder streets with big hills on occasions.   I drive my manual as well as others manual vehicles as well I have gotten that comfortable to that point. And since my parents got me that car and were determined to teach me how to drive a manual they abled me to get the job that I have today as a Valet Attendant.   Knowing this trait has brung so much more fun to my driving experience. This was how I learned how to drive and I will forever be thankful. Can I get a refund on my car ?

Why Abortion should be illegal Essays

Why Abortion should be illegal Essays Why Abortion should be illegal Essay Why Abortion should be illegal Essay Why Abortion should be illegal BY rnwitry0993 Why Abortion Should Be Illegal Many people around the world view abortion as a normal life event for many women. However, people are unaware of the psychological effect this leaves on the women. More is lost than Just a baby. Mind, body, and loved ones can also be involved in effects from an abortion. The father and society as a whole are two other large things to consider into the situation of abortion. More than likely abortion has occurred or been related to every person in some way considering that One baby is aborted every 26 seconds in the United States. Minnesota Citizens) Christopher Jacoby tells us in his article, Side Effects of Abortion, that The thought of abortion for some women can be a source for emotional and mental disorder. Many women see that they have the choice to decide. Oacoby) However, there are other people involved. Abortion not only affects the women that have them. The psychological effects of an abortion affe ct the mother, father and society and therefore abortion should be illegal. The first person that comes to mind when thinking about an abortion is the mother. She is the person who will have to suffer the physical pain of birthing a child. The woman is mentally affected in different ways. James C. Coyne author of Negative Mental Health Effects of Abortion tells us, women who have had a history of abortion have increased rates of anxiety, depression, alcohol misuse, marijuana use, and suicidal behavior compared to those who have not had an abortion. Women who have aborted are at a 55% higher risk of mental health problems compared to a woman with an unplanned pregnancy that research analyst Kira Foster, and Professor Tracy Weitz, 21 women who have had abortions were interviewed. This study explored the experiences of women who had egative emotional outcomes following abortion. Several of the participants had experienced more than one abortion. Eighteen of the women reported having experienced emotional difficulty which included crying, anxiety, sadness and regret. The abortion experience was especially difficult when the womans romantic or sexual partner expressed a specific wish or pressure for the outcome of the pregnancy. How the family members respond to the pregnancy also affects the womans decision for an abortion. Some participants in this study say, they felt backed into a corner to have the abortion even though they wanted to continue the regnancy. The shame of an abortion as well as lack of emotional support contributes to the womens emotional and psychological distress post-abortion. (Kimport) This is a story that authors Ruth Kelly and Eimear OHagan tells of how abortion can mentally affect someones life. A woman named Sarah Giles tells how she had an abortion. She said, l was only six weeks pregnant when I had my abortion, and even then I had bonded with my baby. She is proof that there are early connections toa living being. She also tells us, It was two years ago and I havent been the same since. She continues to describe the day she went for her abortion. There were about 20 other woman going in that day and they were all herded in like cattle. It was horrible. After her abortion she saw many women around her sobbing, and the staff sitting in the office Just ignoring them all. Sarah tells how two years after the abortion she still feels regret and that she and her boyfriend made the wrong choice and the abortion nearly split them up. She also says how she sees pregnant women or mothers with young children who are so happy and thinks to herself, that couldVe been me, and it makes her cry. (OHagan) This story provides strong evidence of how mentally effected this woman was from her abortion. Women usually experience emotional side effects of an abortion. Minnesota Citizens Concerned for life state that 78% of all Americans believe women who have had an abortion commonly experience severe to very severe negative emotional reactions to the abortions. (Minnesota Citizens) According to Christopher Jacoby, These side effects are sometimes referred to as post-traumatic stress. Effects include feelings of guilt that lead to eating disorders. Women can experience disturbances in family life and sexual life. Stress can result in being fired from a workplace because when she is stressed, she might not be able to work properly. They may also not feel like giving birth to another child in the future. Oacoby) A woman is highly emotionally and mentally affected from an abortion and also physically affected. These emotions and effects can come from any method of abortion. Jacoby tells us, one method is surgical abortion which is performed by means of surgery using tools and anesthesia to physically remove the baby. Some smaller effects include vomiting and nausea. Some other possible effects include bleeding which is usually common. In some cases the uterus gets punctured or cervix is torn; this might lead to intense bleeding following a blood transfusion to control it. The use of anesthesia is important but can also cause a heart attack, shaking, and even causes death. During surgery, the tools used might cause birth in the future can also occur. Oacoby) Author Roger W. Harms tells us in his article, Getting Pregnant about how Vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy, preterm birth, or low birth weight in future babies are other possibilities. Placenta Previa is when the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix, which can cause evere bleeding before or during delivery. (Harms) Author Jacoby also states that, A medical abortion is another form of abortion by taking a pill. This method seems very easy but has basically the same amount of effects as surgical abortion. Long- term side effects are sometimes also including abnormal side effects in the future and it has also been researched that women who have had an abortion have higher chances of getting breast cancer in the future. People see abortion as a way to get rid of their problems but this theory has been proven wrong. Oacoby) Abortion not nly affects a woman physically but also affects her emotionally and mentally. The result of killing somebody who has not even been seen is very depressing and can result in life being completely changed. The mother is one of the most important people in making the decision about abortion; however she is not the only important person. The father was half of the reason the pregnancy came about. Without the father, there would be no pregnancy. Author Annie McElfresh tells us in her article, Emotional Side Effects of an Abortion, that Most couples experience many of the effects of grief and loss together. The emotional and mental effects that leave a mark on women can be the same for men. (McElfresh) The Abortion Recovery International Inc. ells us in their article, The Impact of Abortion on Men, that, Men are usually left standing in the shadows. Their suffering is more silent than the mothers. A few different effects that men experience than women are anger and they may even become reckless in their behavior. Some men are even in denial of the whole abortion experience. They may not realize that the abortion is the reason for the feelings they are experiencing. Some men will draw them selves socially away rom others allowing it to bottle up and eat them away inside. Our culture shows us that men should be strong and courageous. Men are not known to be the ones to show their emotions, this being another reason they do not come out and open up with how they are truly feeling. They do not want to come off as weak. This is a common pattern with post abortion fathers. (Abortion Recovery International Inc) Many people do not realize that abortion does not need to be an option. According to the Minnesota Citizens Concerned for life, Only 69% of all women want to know the alternatives to an abortion. (Minnesota Citizens) There are other options. Adoption is an alternative to abortion and accomplishes the same result of not having to raise that child for the rest of someones life. It is still giving the innocent child the chance at life. Linda Lowen also tells us that With the 15 million American families wanting to adopt a child, there is no such thing as an unwanted child. (Lowen) If people are old enough to involve themselves in sexual intercourse, they should be old enough to understand what comes out of it. There are many obvious ways to prevent pregnancy before the situation comes to making a crisis ecision of whether or not to keep or abort a child. Every person has or had a family or people who are close to them. Can you imagine not having that special person in your life because their parents chose not to give them their life, or watching a loved could have debated whether or not to have them. To put a loved ones life in perspective brings this topic a little closer to heart. Dont take away someones someday loved one. Dont watch that loved one suffer because they didnt have that baby. The psychological effects of an abortion affect the mother, father and society and therefore abortions should be illegal in the United States. Work Cited Abortion Recovery International Inc. The Impact of Abortion on Men. Airn Care Directory Line. 2008-2009. web 3 May, 2013. Agresti, Coyne, James C. Negative Mental Health Effects of Abortion. Psychology Today. 24 Oct, 2011. Web 7 May, 2013. Harms, Roger W. Getting Pregnant. Mayo Clinic. 10 Aug, 2012. Web 6 May, 2013. Jacoby, Christopher. Side Effects of Abortion. Health Guidance. Web 3 May, 2013. Kimport, Katrina, Kira Foster, and Tracy Weitz. Social Sources of Womens Emotional Difficulty After Abortion: Lessons from Womens Abortion Narratives Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. Wiley Online Library. 2011. 43(2):103-109, dot: 10. 1363/4310311 Lowen, Linda. 10 Abortion Arguments Womens Issues. 2013. Web 7 May, 2013. Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life. United States Abortion Statistics. MCCL. 2012. web 3 May, 2013. McElfresh, Annie. Emotional Side Effects of an Abortion. Livestrong. 28 March, 2011. web 3 May, 2013. OHagan, Eimear and Ruth Kelly. What WE Think of Abortion by the Women Who Had Them. Mail online. 13 sep, 2007. web 2 May, 2013.

Learning English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning English - Essay Example It is necessary for English learners to become perfect speakers of the language. Regardless of the fact that majority of these learners would be interacting with other second language speakers, learning perfect English is still a crucial aspect of the general learning process. It is necessary for English learners to learn perfect English in order to establish a strong baseline for their English learning, including the grammar, spelling, pronunciation, syntax, and proper usage of the words in a sentence (Sweeney, 2003). Knowing the proper usages of English in a sentence helps reduce communication barriers among speakers and learners (Seagert, 2007). In the current age of cell phones and short messaging services where words are often shortened to fit limited characters in text messages, the importance of learning perfect English has become more important than ever. Without instructions for learning perfect English, improper grammar and spelling would likely become the norm which would cause the deterioration of the English language (Freudenberg, 2009). Moreover, this improper English language would also infiltrate the English of secondary speakers. As their English-speaking counterparts are learning imperfect English, they too would be learning imperfect English. In the end, the quality of the language would be reduced. With more transactions being carried out with secondary English speakers, the burden of learning how to speak perfect English must not be eased or reduced. (Segaert, 2007). The importance of learning perfect English is based on the demands of the English language itself, not with those who would eventually use it (Pakenham, 2004). Moreover, secondary English speakers would also benefit well from the perfect English which is used in communicating with them. The foundation of their English communication has to hinge on the proper application of the English language. Adjustments made on the English language can then be made to incorporate the usage of other foreign words (Cleary, 2004). Throughout the years, the English language has adapted these foreign words into its vocabulary, but the essence and the structure of the English language has not been changed to accommodate a structure more appealing to the secondary English speaker. And this has helped preserve the structure and form of the English language (Cleary, 2004). It is easy to argue that it is unnecessary to learn perfect English because many people speak it only as a secondary language (Kubota, 2009). They point out that not learning perfect English would make the language more relatable to the secondary English speakers; in other words, English would have a more universal appeal if people would not have to pay attention to speaking it perfectly (Kubotam 2009). It may also be important to note that the pressure of knowing and learning perfect English may discriminate against the secondary English speakers who often speak heavily-accented imperfect English (Hojena and Flege, 2006). These arguments however cannot be used as an excuse not to learn perfect

International Business Alliance (based on the Business Strategy Game) Essay

International Business Alliance (based on the Business Strategy Game) - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that management structure at both partners’ state will need specialized modification that will factor in the alliance management needs. Strengthening the management teams’ attention will require formulation of a collaboration committee in the initial stages of the alliance, bearing the management oversight mandate. The initial stage of carrying the appropriate alliance management design will, therefore, include the appointment of the alliance committee for further managerial design negotiations. A managerial design structure will be negotiated and agreed among the committee representatives. To ensure that the highest form of commitment and cooperation is obtained from both partner firms, the highest level of management and administration will be brought on board. Management design at the two firms will determine the final structure adopted by the alliance. The popularity of the alliance among the employees is very important in the creation of a solidly committed team in the implementation. In light of the importance of the management gesture, the involvement of the board of directors in the agreed structure will be necessitated. This structure will incorporate two board members, five senior managers including the finance managers and the elected committee representatives. Improvement will be the main focus of the alliance hence a proposal for appointment of the most versatile manager-leaders will be forwarded at first hand.

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Executive Summary - Essay Example the euro exchange economy can also be used to remove the lower bound which has an effect on the short period threatening free nominal interest (Buiter, 2010, p. 219). On the other hand, during price setting, New-Calvo-Woodford approach can be used in setting price. Their approach involve secretive division in the euro-currency financial system, government in the euro exchange economy, equilibrium in the euro currency economy, deterministic steady state in the euro currency economy and lastly the lower bound which can become a binding constraint in the euro currency economy (Buiter, 2010 p.223). In prevailing over the lower bound on nominal charge, one can use the following strategies: eliminating currency, disburse negative interest rates on money (Buiter, 2010) or taxing money or even dividing the standard of trade. The three methods of eliminating subordinate bound on nominal interest plays a role in making it possible to ensure that it target the true stability of prices (Buiter, 2010). The author use of quotes from outside source gives a back up to the points that are highlighted in the report. He used seventy outside sources to support his main ideas concerning the monetary policy. The examples used are ones that have methodology to come up with the main idea

Industry Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industry Practice - Essay Example This form of leadership has been successful in some organizations though it has also failed in others. It allows quick decision making and therefore less time is wasted on decisions. It requires a leader who is knowledgeable and experienced otherwise wrong decisions might be made (Goethals, Sorenson & Burns, 2004). Autocratic leadership style is more applicable where control is required. These are situations where the margin of error is either very small or is not there at all. In such a situation, decentralized decision making is likely to cause organizational failure. It therefore becomes necessary for experienced leaders to make decisions so as to avoid or minimize the chances of any error (Daft & Lane, 2008). This form of leadership is very applicable and is actually used in rigid organizations. These are organizations whose rules are rigid and do not easily adjust their policies as situations changes. In addition, autocratic leadership can also be used where the conditions are thought to be dangerous or are likely to cause harm to people. Among the organizations where the leadership is used include; military manufacturing organizations or in a construction (Daft & Lane, 2008). The theory is useful at the workplace in situations where quick decisions have to be made. In such situations, there is no much time to consult. Decentralized decision making is time consuming and therefore cannot be applicable in urgent situations. Therefore, the leaders take the initiative to make such decision to save time. This is important because if time is wasted in urgent situations, the overall goal achievement of the organization maybe affected (Gitman & McDaniel, 2009). The leadership style is also useful where strict deadlines are required. There are some activities which have to be completed within a specified time. According to Douglas McGregor in one of his theories, (Theory X) people generally dislike work. Therefore, they

Soul Man Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soul Man - Movie Review Example It goes to show the reality, things have changed for the better but racism still remains a daunting challenge and it affects the lives of the blacks' day in and day out. Racism is portrayed and also condoned in some shots of the movie thought it isn't conspicuous, this movie could only have been made in the late 1980s, it would have been severely condemned had it been made in the present time. Some shots are very offensive and raised a hue and cry back then but it was settled and did not become a great problem. The after-school format is also shown in the movie and it represents stereo-type, it goes to show how almost everyone does the same thing and the same represents stereo-typing in the society. The stereo-typing was focused upon to make the audience laugh and this, wavered the intention of the director. The intention was to make the people realize how stereotypical the society had become and to motivate the people to think out of the box but when it was turned into a comedy, the essence of it was lost and as a result of which the desired impact wasn't created on the minds of the people. Mark turned into a black man in order to

I ork at the cardiology ward ,so i need a tital relating to the area i Essay

I ork at the cardiology ward ,so i need a tital relating to the area i work to write a 3000 word assy - Essay Example Such includes gathering adequate information on personal responsibility on promoting, protecting and preventing their exposure to the risk factors of coronary heart diseases. Coronary heart disease is deemed to have occurred in situations where the coronary arteries are clogged with atheroma or plague (fatty material). The development of atheroma is slow and occurs on the inner artery walls, which makes such walls to be narrow (Khan et al. 2012). This often regarded as the atherosclerosis process, which can start at a young age to such a time when a person attains a middle age. Narrowing of the arteries is a dangerous situation since it implies a reduction of the volume of blood, which can reach the heart muscle of a person. Research has indicated that the number one killer of men and women all over the world is the coronary heart disease (Jamil et al. 2013). However, adhering to an effective healthy lifestyle ensures that a person is able to prevent or control the development of the coronary heart disease risk factors. This is essential since most of the lifestyle that individuals adopt begin during the childhood stage. Hence, parents and families have to embrace measures, which are focused on ensuring that their children are given the opportunity of adopting the best heart healthy choices, which will contribute in lowering the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Furthermore, individuals at higher risks of developing coronary heart disease tend to live for a shorter time in comparison to individuals that are at lower risk. This indicates a need for a person to change the adopted lifestyle in case the signs of developing coronary heart disease are identified at an early stage. Cardiovascular disease is a term that is associated with a disorder that develops in the cardiovascular system. It is linked to the atherosclerosis, which is commonly referred

Industry Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industry Practice - Essay Example This form of leadership has been successful in some organizations though it has also failed in others. It allows quick decision making and therefore less time is wasted on decisions. It requires a leader who is knowledgeable and experienced otherwise wrong decisions might be made (Goethals, Sorenson & Burns, 2004). Autocratic leadership style is more applicable where control is required. These are situations where the margin of error is either very small or is not there at all. In such a situation, decentralized decision making is likely to cause organizational failure. It therefore becomes necessary for experienced leaders to make decisions so as to avoid or minimize the chances of any error (Daft & Lane, 2008). This form of leadership is very applicable and is actually used in rigid organizations. These are organizations whose rules are rigid and do not easily adjust their policies as situations changes. In addition, autocratic leadership can also be used where the conditions are thought to be dangerous or are likely to cause harm to people. Among the organizations where the leadership is used include; military manufacturing organizations or in a construction (Daft & Lane, 2008). The theory is useful at the workplace in situations where quick decisions have to be made. In such situations, there is no much time to consult. Decentralized decision making is time consuming and therefore cannot be applicable in urgent situations. Therefore, the leaders take the initiative to make such decision to save time. This is important because if time is wasted in urgent situations, the overall goal achievement of the organization maybe affected (Gitman & McDaniel, 2009). The leadership style is also useful where strict deadlines are required. There are some activities which have to be completed within a specified time. According to Douglas McGregor in one of his theories, (Theory X) people generally dislike work. Therefore, they

I ork at the cardiology ward ,so i need a tital relating to the area i Essay

I ork at the cardiology ward ,so i need a tital relating to the area i work to write a 3000 word assy - Essay Example Such includes gathering adequate information on personal responsibility on promoting, protecting and preventing their exposure to the risk factors of coronary heart diseases. Coronary heart disease is deemed to have occurred in situations where the coronary arteries are clogged with atheroma or plague (fatty material). The development of atheroma is slow and occurs on the inner artery walls, which makes such walls to be narrow (Khan et al. 2012). This often regarded as the atherosclerosis process, which can start at a young age to such a time when a person attains a middle age. Narrowing of the arteries is a dangerous situation since it implies a reduction of the volume of blood, which can reach the heart muscle of a person. Research has indicated that the number one killer of men and women all over the world is the coronary heart disease (Jamil et al. 2013). However, adhering to an effective healthy lifestyle ensures that a person is able to prevent or control the development of the coronary heart disease risk factors. This is essential since most of the lifestyle that individuals adopt begin during the childhood stage. Hence, parents and families have to embrace measures, which are focused on ensuring that their children are given the opportunity of adopting the best heart healthy choices, which will contribute in lowering the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Furthermore, individuals at higher risks of developing coronary heart disease tend to live for a shorter time in comparison to individuals that are at lower risk. This indicates a need for a person to change the adopted lifestyle in case the signs of developing coronary heart disease are identified at an early stage. Cardiovascular disease is a term that is associated with a disorder that develops in the cardiovascular system. It is linked to the atherosclerosis, which is commonly referred

Why was William successful Essay Example for Free

Why was William successful Essay When William was crowned King of England he had actually only captured the Southeast. The rest of England was all still Anglo-Saxon. In 1066/1067 William, according to the Normans was the legitimate King of England. He had got Edward the Confessors promise that he would be King. He also had a kinship with Edward, which made it that much easier to become King. It didnt hurt Williams cause when Harold apparently usurped the throne and took it for him self it gave William a legitimate reason for invading. Then after William had gained control of the Southeast the rulers of England submitted to him at Little Berkhamstead. Then they allowed him to be crowned King of England with an Anglo-Saxon Service. This shows their acceptance of William as their King. BUT William had made a mistake. He assumed that once he had been crowned King everyone would follow him as their King. William had not gone West of Faringdon and North of Bedford. It just so happened that the remainder of Harolds family was in the West and Edwin and Morcar (the Northern Earls) who were in the North. Both of these groups had not really submitted to William as their king and were willing to start a rebellion to stop William becoming even more powerful. The rebellions started because when William went back to Normandy. He had to leave regents in his place to rule for him. He chose Bishop Odo and William fitzOsbern. These two people were kinsmen of Williams and so he knew that he could trust tem. But according to Oderic Vitalis: behaved in a violent and cruel fashion and so because of the violent and cruel fashion in which they behaved rebellions started to spring up. The first rebellion was in Exeter and involved Harolds family. This is the first time that William shows his policies for rebelling against him. William reacts decisively and with great force. He marches to Exeter, building castles along the way. When he got to Exeter he brings out a hostage and blinds him in front of the walls so that everyone could see it. Then he lays siege to the city. After 18 days the city submits. All William does is to build a castle in the city its self and garrison it. This is Williamss policy: He will act with violence (the blinding of the hostage) and he will build castles. The violence scares the people and the castles ensure that the area around them is secure. So far William has been successful against the rebellions against him because he has got superior technology (castles which the Anglo-Saxons have not come up against before) and because he has acted decisively and with violence. He has scared the common people that he has come up against so much that they will not do it again. 1068 was a far more serious year for William. This took place in the Earldoms of Mercia and Northumbria. Edwin and Morcar decided that they had had enough of William and that they were going to join the Welsh. William once again marches up as fast as he could, only stopping off to build castles. The key one being at Warwick which he entrusted to Henry of Bomont. Initially he manages to make peace with Edwin and Morcar, and he pardons the Earls. Whilst all this has been happening Edgar ? thling had deserted William and had gone to Scotland. Once in Scotland he persuades the King, Malcome, to marry his sister and so joining them together. The Northumbrians with the Scots seize York. So William once again sets off, again building castles wherever he goes. William then marches on York and captures it. The only thing that he does is to build a castle in York its self. There were many more rebellions on 1068, and all of these William squashed and then built castles all over the area, thus making sure that all the problem parts of England were covered with Castles. William seemed obsessed by the idea of covering the face of England with castles. That also coupled with the face that he took charge personally were ever he could and got to the heart of the revolt as quickly as possible meant that there was not really too much damage. The rebellions of 1067 1072 failed, in my view, because of the fact that they were all so spur of the moment and so dispersed form one another. If they had joined up together and planned together, then they might have had a chance. Especially of they had joined up with the Vikings that came and invaded in 1069. The Vikings gave William the most trouble, but because William already had a series of castle sin place all over the country it wasnt as bad as it could have been. William completely destroyed the area around York, so that the Vikings and his other enemies could not make use of it. He destroyed them so badly that the effects were still apparent in the Doomsday book, written many years later. Williamss ferocious suppression of the north of England in 1069 1070 in response to the English and Scandinavian resistance is often regarded as the darkest deed in his reign. William eventually had to pay the Danes to go away so that William could deal with the English rebels him self. So William was successful against the rebels in 1067 1072 purely because he was more ruthless than they were and because he had access to greater technology, mainly castles building. William terrorised the English so much that they didnt dare rebel again.

Impact Of Colonization On Hauora Maori

Impact Of Colonization On Hauora Maori Tikanga, coming from the Maori word tika which means true or correct, has a wide range of meanings culture, custom, ethic, etiquette, fashion, formality, lore, manner, meaning, mechanism, method, protocol, style. It can also be described as general behaviour guidelines for daily life and interaction in Maori culture. It is generally taken to mean the Maori way of doing things and commonly based on experience and learning that has been handed down through generations. It is based on logic and common sense associated with a Maori world view. Kawa is the word used to describe the protocol or sequence of events which occur on the Marae particularly those related to formal activities such as pohiri, speeches and mihimihi, as well as working with Maori health providers and Maori committees who have Iwi and Hapu reps. Stratified Random Sampling In a stratified sample the sampling frame is divided into non-overlapping groups or strata, e.g. geographical areas, age-groups, genders. A sample is taken from each stratum, and when this sample is a simple random sample it is referred to as stratified random sampling. Outcome 2 Task 2.1 Random Sampling A simple random sample gives each member of the population an equal chance of being chosen. One way of achieving a simple random sample is to number each element in the sampling frame (e.g. give everyone on the Electoral register a number) and then use random numbers to select the required sample. Random numbers can be obtained using a calculator, a spreadsheet, printed tables of random numbers, or by the more traditional methods of drawing slips of paper from a hat, tossing coins or rolling a dice. Quota Sampling In quota sampling the selection of the sample is made by the interviewer, who has been given quotas to fill from specified sub-groups of the population. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 50 females between the age of 45 and 60. There are similarities with stratified sampling, but in quota sampling the selection of the sample is non-random. Systematic Sampling In systematic sampling, the researcher first randomly picks the first item or subject from the population. Then, the researcher will select each nth subject from the list. The procedure involved in systematic sampling is very easy and can be done manually. The results are representative of the population unless certain characteristics of the population are repeated for every nth individual, which is highly unlikely. Task 2.2 The researcher should take into account tikanga and kawa when doing Maori research. He should know how to interview the participants without causing cultural offence. It is very important that the researcher develops a cooperative working relationship with local iwi and hapu. The researcher should remember that the Maoris always give their time and effort when they take part in something. So it would be a good idea to give them an acknowledgment for this. For example, the researcher could bring food to offer to the participants or give them financial reward for taking part in the research being conducted. Maoris believe in establishing, maintaining and nurturing reciprocal and respectful relationships. For Maori, the notion of relationships is a core value. The way that Maori interact with each other and the world around them is all based on the notion of inter-connectedness and the nurturing of reciprocal relationships. So it is very important for the researcher to respect their culture as well as establish a good relationship with the participants and their whanau. A big consideration for Maori researchers is their role as an insider or an outsider of the community they intend to research. Whether you are a member of the community under research will dictate how participants relate to you, what they will disclose, how they will engage, where they will engage, and their level of comfort in participating. Whether you are an insider or an outsider will also impact on your own perceptions of what is happening, and on the analysis of the data being retrieved so the material gathered from the research should be used carefully, appropriately and correctly. After conducting the research, the information should then be shared to the participants and their whanau. Also, before reporting pertinent data gathered from Maori participants, the researcher should ask permission from them first and their whanau. Outcome 3 Task 3.1 Maori Regional Tauranga iwi and hapÃ…Â « continued to lose significant amounts of land after 1886, notably through Crown purchasing, public works, pressures caused by actual and potential rates debt, and the processes of urbanisation and subdivision. The tangata whenua could ill afford to lose any land at all, and the scale of the loss has compounded the prejudice they suffered from the raupatu and its aftermath. Particularly disappointing was the lack of adequate protection or assistance for those groups that were left landless or nearly so. Even where Maori managed to retain land, they faced considerable difficulty trying to develop it. To a large extent, the cause of this was the land tenure and administration system imposed by the Crown on Maori owners. Along with their loss of land, Tauranga Maori suffered reduced access to and use of traditional resources from the rivers, sea, and forests of Tauranga Moana. The intensification of economic activity and the accelerating pace of urban development often led to degradation and pollution of those environments. Alongside that, development has endangered the cultural heritage of Tauranga Maori: despite some protections, many sites of cultural, spiritual, and historical importance have been modified or even destroyed. Where their environment and cultural heritage are concerned, the tangata whenua have had to fight hard to maintain even a faint shadow of the tino rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga they exercised at the time the Treaty was signed. Maori National The history of Maori grievance over Crown breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi dates back to the 1840s. As early as 1849 Ngai Tahu chiefs complained about the methods used in purchasing their lands. Around 1860, Maori still held onto most of their land, except for a few areas, particularly Wellington, Wairarapa, Hawkes Bay and parts of Northland. The 1860s saw confiscations of millions of hectares by the government and large areas of land lost through the effect of the Native Land Court. On 5 May 1863, Premier Alfred Domett sent a memorandum to Governor George Grey, proposing that Maori in a state of rebellion have their lands confiscated as a punishment. At first confiscation was intended to be relatively restricted, but it gradually became more and more elaborate. Land was confiscated both from tribes who had rebelled against the government, and those who had fought as government allies. It was envisaged that military settlers would be placed on confiscated land. Confiscations under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 and its amendments took place in South Auckland, Waikato, Tauranga, Ã…Å’pÃ…Â tiki-WhakatÄ ne, Taranaki, and the MÃ…Â haka-Waikare district in Hawkes Bay. Confiscations also took place in Poverty Bay under separate legislation. The period between 1890 and 1920 saw a boom in government land purchases, despite Maori protests. By 1937, very little land was left in Maori ownership. Maori were devastated by the effects of land confiscations, disease, and poverty. They also suffered discrimination in areas such as health, welfare, housing, military service, and sport. The pakeha laws and governance have excluded Maori from their land and culture and also afforded only marginal opportunity for Maori to participate in the economy or governance. Other Indigenous Native Americans Regional Indigenous peoples of California were Native Americans who lived in California before colonialism. This group covered much the same area as present day California. They survived mainly on plant food including grasses and acorns. Along the coast they supplemented their food with fish and seafood, and in the interior with animals such as deer and rabbits. They lived in villages of about 100 people, not always related. Because the villages contained people who were unrelated, there was a form of society with relationships between villages. Europeans first came to this area in 1542, and missions were established soon after. The missions would become the dominant economic force in Spanish colonial Alta California. By 1803 the population of nominally converted Native Americans was about 20,000. Using Native American labour, the Franciscans were developing the missions into physically impressive places with stone and abode buildings. The missionaries had legal custody of Native American people who had gone or been taken to the missions and regulated their lives in every detail. They were forced to labour in the mission fields, shops, and kitchens and took care of the thousands of cattle the missions owned. During this time the Native Americans had their land taken from them by force, and thousands were needlessly massacred. Although there are still groups present in the area today, much of their cultural identity has been lost. Native Americans National Native Americans had inherited the land now called America and eventually their lives were destroyed due to European Colonization. When the Europeans arrived and settled, they changed the Native American way of life for the worst. These changes were caused by a number of factors including disease, loss of land, attempts to export religion, and laws, which violated Native American culture. A side effect of the Europeans greed and attitude is that they could take anything they saw. A determined effort was made to completely suppress the Native culture. This active suppression took many forms. Certain tribes were freely supplied with guns, so that they could wipe out their neighbours. Old problems between tribes were brought back into the open, causing wars. The army and many settlers treated the Natives as nothing more than pests to be got rid of. Laws were introduced that banned certain ceremonies, forced the children into the European education system, and tied whole groups to land that was useless and could not sustain them. The intention was to deny them of their cultural identity, which has the same effect as wiping them out. Native Americans never came in contact with diseases that developed in the Old World because they were separated from Asia, Africa, and Europe when ocean levels rose following the end of the last Ice Age. Diseases like smallpox, measles, pneumonia, influenza, and malaria were unknown to the Native Americans until the Europeans brought these diseases over time to them. This triggered the largest population decline in all recorded history. Fifty percent of the Native American population had died of disease within twenty years. They also brought guns, alcohol and horses. The effect of these was to change the way of life for the Native Americans. Horses and guns changed their way of hunting for food. Since the cultural groups had been based on their method of subsistence, changing this changed the groupings. Some major groups moved. Once they started to move fights over territory broke out. Groups who had had plenty of food, now didnt have enough. Task 3.2 Maori Customs Before colonization, Maori had their own unique identity. Tribes of Maori were called iwi and everybody belonged to one. Customs and protocols of the people influenced their way of thinking and way of living. Visiting tribes followed their hosts tikanga if they wished to return home safely and be welcomed for a return visit. By the mid 1860s, the Crown introduced legislation which began to enforce the growing assimilation attitude, with the Colonisers wanting Maori to be absorbed into the new colonial culture, and so the wearing away of the Maori people began. The mana of the Maori was weakened with the loss of a major part of their sense of belonging. Their customs and traditions were being compromised as the language was diminishing. The less Maori language was used, the less the transfer and understanding of qualities that Maoris used to value. Hapu and iwi almost become nonexistent because tribes struggle to stay together. Many sub-tribes go back to the larger tribe and some become a forgotten people. Lifestyle Maori early settlements were often at harbours or the mouths of rivers close to the sea, with good access to fishing and shellfish grounds. There was extensive hunting of seals and the large flightless bird, the moa. Increasingly Maori developed horticulture. With careful techniques, often involving the use of stone walls, and fire embers to warm soils, they succeeded in establishing several plants, especially the kumara (sweet potato). They also turned inland, and over several generations encountered the great forests. It moved from being largely maritime to one which, in certain places, was dominated by trees and bird life. Cannibalism was a feature, as was polygamy. Technology was limited to tools made of naturally occurring materials such as pounamu (the South Islands greenstone) and tuhua (obsidian); flax was used for weaving and other purposes. There was extensive trade in these goods, usually in the form of gift exchange. With the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, New Zealand became a British colony. This saw a great increase in the number of British migrants coming to New Zealand. Many had their passage paid for by colonial companies. The systematic colonial settlement of New Zealand was largely based on the ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who believed the colonial settlements should be modelled on the structures of British society. Many New Zealand cities and towns were established and populated in this way. These settlements were intended to be civilised and self-sufficient, with small farmers cultivating their land, and living in peace with the native people. After the first European whalers and traders came to New Zealand, Maori lifestyle in some areas changed dramatically, and never returned to the way it was. One of the most popular commodities the Maoris were interested in trading for were muskets. As Maoris had no long-range weapons, muskets were a valuable asset to tribes. The introduction of muskets made inter-tribal wars far more dangerous, especially if it was a tribe with muskets against a tribe without. Language Maori had a language unique to any other country in the world. The Maori language, te reo, is described as a taonga of the Maori people, a special possession or treasure. Although there were slight differences in the dialects among different tribes, the messages and meanings were never lost. Proverbs and genealogy were passed through prayers, chants and songs. However, due to colonization English has been imposed as the mainstream language, causing a loss of the indigenous language. Initially, te reo was widely spoken by the Europeans particularly in interaction with Maori and by both Maori and European children. In the early 1860s, colonisers became the dominant population and English became the primary language. The Crowns effort to assimilate their own culture had laws which imposed te reo to be confined to Maori communities. Speaking in Maori was officially discouraged and Maoris were punished for speaking their own language. Schooling was enforced, first in te reo for Maori but by 1910, in English only. It was then suppressed either formally or informally so that young Maoris would be able to assimilate with the wider pakeha-dominated community. By the 1920s only a few private schools still taught Maori grammar as a school subject. Many Maori parents encouraged their children to learn English and even to turn away from other aspects of Maori custom. Increasing numbers of Maori people learnt English because they needed it in the workplace or places of recreation such as the football field. Korero Pakeha (Speak English) was seen as essential for Maori people. This led to the decline of Maori speakers. Spiritual Health Mori had their own spiritual beliefs. There was a belief that humans were part of nature the forests, seas and waterways. People saw themselves in a sacred relationship with the natural world, and the exploitation of natural resources was conducted under strict regimes of tapu (sacredness) and mana (spiritual authority) administered by tohunga (priests). They believed in a supreme being and also that each area of the universe was under the guardianship of a caretaker. Colonisation by Europeans had a significant effect on traditional Maori healing. Tohunga had limited ability to combat the diseases brought by Europeans. Though Western medicine was also relatively ineffectual at the time, this failure still strongly affected Maori confidence in tohunga. Some pakeha missionaries attributed the spread of disease to a lack of Christian faith. As their own healers appeared impotent, many Maori accepted this explanation and turned to Christianity. Over time, the whare wananga (schools of higher learning) which had trained tohunga started to close. The tradition of the tohunga declined. Psychological Health The significance of whakapapa according to tikanga Maori, whakapapa is the glue that binds whanau, hapu and iwi together. Knowledge of ones whakapapa is a vital aspect of being Maori. It has been pointed out that whakapapa defines both the individual and kin groups, and governs the relationships between them. It confirms an individuals membership and participation rights within her or his kin groups. Traditionally every adult person was expected to know and to be able to trace descent back to the tribal ancestor, or back to at least the common ancestor after whom the group with whom one lived was named. The rights and claims that an individual could make to the resources of the group she or he related to, or identified with depended on such knowledge. When the Europeans came, family structures became dysfunctional. Oppression of Maori culture was predominant. The colonisers denied the Maori their whakapapa which is one of the worst things to happen to a Maori. This led to trauma and abuse and neglect of the Maoris especially the children who were often separated from their whanau. Physical Health Evidence suggests that Maori life expectancy at the time of Captain James Cooks visits to New Zealand (between 1769 and 1777) was higher than that in Britain. Maori may have had a life expectancy at birth of more than 30, compared with less than 30 for people in Britain. After European contact, however, there was a major decline in Maori life expectancy. By 1891 the estimated life expectancy of Maori men was 25 and that of women was just 23. Between 1840 and 1891 disease and social and economic changes had serious negative effects on Maori health and a significant impact on the population. Tribal dislocation from the traditional Maori environment was brought about by the land wars and the large-scale land confiscations that followed. There was widespread loss of land through purchase and the operation of the Native Land Court, and new patterns of land use and economic activity. Maori changed housing styles, water supplies, sanitation and diet. These affected standards of health usually for the worse. Very large increases in the European population during this period meant Maori across the country were continuously exposed to new diseases. Many Maori children died in their first year of life, often from pneumonia and respiratory infections. In addition, many adults and older children suffered from epidemics of viral disease and typhoid fever, as well as from tuberculosis, a chronic disease that often ended fatally. Relatively high death rates combined with low birth rates saw a rapid decline in the Maori population between 1840 and 1878, with a slower decline from 1878 to 1891. Between 1840 and 1891 the Maori population may have halved. The population continued to decline until the century was nearly over. There were humanitarian responses to Maori health decline. The earliest providers of medical care were the missionaries. Government hospitals were set up in a few places for Maori in the 1840s. As the non-Maori population grew, hospitals became increasingly pakeha-dominated institutions, built and administered by the local settler communities. Many Maori were suspicious of hospitals for cultural reasons, and were deterred from entering them by fees. From the 1840s the government subsidised a number of doctors (native medical officers) to provide medical care for any Maori who could not afford to pay for treatment. Other Indigenous Group Native Americans Customs In North America the continuous interactions with Europeans lead to mutual trading. Native Americans received European manufactured goods: cloth, beads, steel, guns etc. in exchange for animal hides. Native Americans became dependent upon European trading which in turn forced Native Americans to alter their cultural structure. They moved from a socialist egalitarian society to that with a class distinction, a disparity between that of the proletariat in the form of the Native American and that of bourgeoisie, in the form of the European. As a result of the increased demand in Europe for American animal hides, both Europeans and Native Americans began hunting more animals than they needed to sustain themselves in order to gain more material possessions. Consequently, some Native Americans began practicing polygamy in order to have the women cure the excess of hides that the men had hunted. Many of the Native Americans had no such concept of land ownership. Native belief essentially held that the land was a gift from the creator, to be used in common by all of the society for survival and sustenance. In many native societies, no single individual owned the land and no legal institution existed to exclude certain classes of persons from the land. Land ownership, then, was a fluid concept, especially among the nomadic tribes who moved from area to area with the seasons of the year. The native peoples lived off the land. They did not practice wholesale extraction of resources such as timber, fish, and wildlife as did their European contemporaries. In part this was because the land could sustain their small populations and because their needs were relatively simple by European standards of their day. By contrast, the European settlers wanted the creature comforts to which they had been accustomed in Europe. These comforts included commercially manufactured food, clothing, furniture, and so on. Additionally, the new settlers needed to transfer as much wea lth as possible, and as quickly as possible, from the New World to their mother countries. Lifestyle Before they were colonized, lifestyle depended largely on the type and amount of food available, and how easily people could move around. The size of individual groups within each area was limited by the amount of food available and the ability to store food. Native Americans took the roles of farmers, gatherers, fishermen, and hunters as the changing seasons and their environments required. They usually lived in relatively small villages, but large towns were common where resources could support them. They lived day-to-day in social systems resembling extended families and were governed mainly by tradition. People in the east and in the river valleys of the Plains, in continuity with the Woodland tradition, depended mainly on farming. Along the Pacific coast, people relied on fishing, and sometimes whaling, and in the south on acorns, in continuity with the societies of the Archaic period. In the arid country between Rockies and the Sierra Nevada, small groups travelled from resource to resource within huge territories, surviving by maintaining an exquisite knowledge of their environments. When the Europeans came, they re-introduced horses to the Native Americans. This greatly impacted their lifestyle. This new mode of travel made it possible for them to expand their territories, exchange goods with other neighbouring tribes and easily capture game for their food. However, there were instances wherein the Natives were herded onto reserves rather than permitted to freely hunt and wander around their traditional homelands. Language There were almost a thousand languages spoken in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans. In addition, these languages showed tremendous variety between one another. A trio of individuals from three areas a hundred miles apart might very likely have been completely unable to communicate by speech. There was, however, a sign language used in some areas to allow communication between those of different tribes. The spoken languages were neither primitive nor simple and many had grammars as complex as those of Russian and Latin. None of the native languages of America had a writing system until the arrival of Europeans. The arrival of European culture was not kind to the indigenous cultures of the Americas. The population of the native civilizations of the current territory of the United States fell from about 20 million to the present level of less than 2 million. Beyond the shrinking size of the ethnic populations, the languages have also suffered due to the prevalence of English among those of Native American ancestry. Most Native American languages have ceased to exist or are spoken only by older speakers. Spiritual Health The Native Americans believed in the Great Spirit. The Native Americans believed the Great Spirit had power over all things including animals, trees, stones, and clouds. The earth was believed to be the mother of all spirits. The sun had great power also because it gave the earth light and warmth. The Native Americans prayed individually and in groups. They believed visions in dreams came from the spirits. The medicine man or shaman was trained in healing the sick and interpreting signs and dreams. http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00019/11.gif When the Europeans came, many Christian missionaries tried to force Native American people to abandon traditional religious beliefs and practices. Missions were introduced, and Natives were aggressively encouraged to convert to Christianity. Christian missionaries would sometimes launch attacks on Native American religious institutions when forcing them to convert to Christianity did not work. These harmful attacks destroyed their beliefs. Most of the groups had had some form of ancestral worship and this enforced change in religion altered their culture identity. Also, when the European settlers took over land traditionally belonging to the Native Americans, this meant they were dispossessed of their own lands. For a culture that was linked inextricably to the land, it was a real tragedy to be separated from their spiritual roots. Psychological Health The Native Americans had never experienced anything like the deadly diseases before that wiped out almost half of their population. Soon after, they began to question their religion and doubted the ability of shaman to heal. They came to believe that Europeans had the power to kill or give life. Native Americans experienced trauma as a result of colonization. Physical Health Native Americans knew a lot about healing and natural medicine. The medicine included herbs but also spirits. Native Americans believed that people should live in harmony with the nature and you heal by returning people to that harmony. Most of the tribes had special medicine men and women who did the healing. Sometimes they are called shamans. They used lots of different herbs to heal. These herbs were often fixed as tea, but sometimes they were burned and the smoke was a healer. They also did cleansing or purification. They did this most often in the sweat lodge. This lodge is like sauna. They were small houses in which they burned cedar or willow. They were burned over the stones which would get hot. Then they would throw water on to make steam. Native Americans believed that the smoke and steam will clean them off diseases. Native Americans also had lots of ceremonies that were about healing. While they may seem strange, these traditions kept Native Americans healthy for centurie s. Europeans brought diseases against which the Native Americans had no immunity. Influenza, smallpox, measles, and typhus fever were relatively harmless to the European settlers, but these diseases wiped out huge numbers of American Native Americans. Not only did diseases cause a problem, but the introduction of new foods also caused problems. Foods containing wheat and sugar resulted in heart disease and obesity among the Native Americans. Europeans seeds and plants which were brought to North America spread and took over native habitat. Not only did these lead to the extinction of some species of native flora, but the break in the food chain also affected the native animals of North America. This in turn upset the balance of plants and animals on which the Native Americans relied for their food and other needs. Task 3.3 Maori Contemporary Issues In 2008 Treaty Negotiations Minister Michael Cullen signed a deed of settlement with seven central North Island tribes, transferring ownership of over $400 million worth of state forest land and accumulated rentals. The agreement contains only financial redress, on account against comprehensive settlements to be negotiated with each tribe. The agreement is the largest to date by financial value, at NZ$196 million worth of forest land in total (including the value of the Affiliate Te Arawa Iwi and Hapu share). In addition, but not counted by the government as part of the redress package the tribes will receive rentals that have accumulated on the land since 1989, valued at NZ$223 million. As of July 2008, there have been 23 settlements of various sizes. Settlements generally include financial redress, a formal Crown apology for breaches of the Treaty and recognition of the groups cultural associations with various sites. In November 2008, Chris Finlayson, a Wellington based lawyer with experience in Treaty claims, was appointed Minister for Treaty Negotiations following the National Party victory in the 2008 election. As well as the much publicized land and financial compensation, many of these later settlements included changing the official placenames. The Maori Fisheries Amendment Act 2011 has amended the Maori Fisheries Act 2004. It enables the transfer of Mandated Iwi Organisation status and fisheries settlement assets from an existing Mandated Iwi Organisation to another separate entity of the same iwi, and exempts the asset transfer from the protective provisions of the Act that would require their sale. It requires that fisheries settlement assets (being income shares in Aotearoa Fisheries Ltd and fisheries settlement quota) held by an iwi must be held by a Mandated Iwi Organisation. Previously, if an iwi attempted to transfer the fisheries settlement assets to another separate entity of the same iwi, protective provisions of the Maori Fisheries Act required sale of the assets to the highest eligible bidder from other Mandated Iwi Organisations and Te Ohu Kai Moana Trustee Ltd. It enables the transfer of the status of a Mandated Iwi Organisation (MIO), and all fisheries settlement assets held by that MIO and its subsid